This documentation covers OAuth 1.0 and OAuth 2.0 integrations for Python Web Frameworks like:
Django: The web framework for perfectionists with deadlines
Flask: The Python micro framework for building web applications
Starlette: The little ASGI framework that shines
Authlib shares a common API design among these web frameworks. Instead of introducing them one by one, this documentation contains the common usage for them all.
We start with creating a registry with the OAuth
class:
# for Flask framework
from authlib.integrations.flask_client import OAuth
# for Django framework
from authlib.integrations.django_client import OAuth
# for Starlette framework
from authlib.integrations.starlette_client import OAuth
oauth = OAuth()
There are little differences among each framework, you can read their documentation later:
The common use case for OAuth is authentication, e.g. let your users log in with Twitter, GitHub, Google etc.
For instance, Twitter is an OAuth 1.0 service, you want your users to log in your website with Twitter.
The first step is register a remote application on the OAuth
registry via
oauth.register
method:
oauth.register(
name='twitter',
client_id='{{ your-twitter-consumer-key }}',
client_secret='{{ your-twitter-consumer-secret }}',
request_token_url='https://api.twitter.com/oauth/request_token',
request_token_params=None,
access_token_url='https://api.twitter.com/oauth/access_token',
access_token_params=None,
authorize_url='https://api.twitter.com/oauth/authenticate',
authorize_params=None,
api_base_url='https://api.twitter.com/1.1/',
client_kwargs=None,
)
The first parameter in register
method is the name of the remote
application. You can access the remote application with:
twitter = oauth.create_client('twitter')
# or simply with
twitter = oauth.twitter
The configuration of those parameters can be loaded from the framework configuration. Each framework has its own config system, read the framework specified documentation later.
For instance, if client_id
and client_secret
can be loaded via
configuration, we can simply register the remote app with:
oauth.register(
name='twitter',
request_token_url='https://api.twitter.com/oauth/request_token',
access_token_url='https://api.twitter.com/oauth/access_token',
authorize_url='https://api.twitter.com/oauth/authenticate',
api_base_url='https://api.twitter.com/1.1/',
)
The client_kwargs
is a dict configuration to pass extra parameters to
OAuth 1 Session. If you are using RSA-SHA1
signature method:
client_kwargs = {
'signature_method': 'RSA-SHA1',
'signature_type': 'HEADER',
'rsa_key': 'Your-RSA-Key'
}
Usually, the framework integration has already implemented this part through the framework session system. All you need to do is enable session for the chosen framework.
For instance, GitHub is an OAuth 2.0 service, you want your users to log in your website with GitHub.
The first step is register a remote application on the OAuth
registry via
oauth.register
method:
oauth.register(
name='github',
client_id='{{ your-github-client-id }}',
client_secret='{{ your-github-client-secret }}',
access_token_url='https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token',
access_token_params=None,
authorize_url='https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize',
authorize_params=None,
api_base_url='https://api.github.com/',
client_kwargs={'scope': 'user:email'},
)
The first parameter in register
method is the name of the remote
application. You can access the remote application with:
github = oauth.create_client('github')
# or simply with
github = oauth.github
The configuration of those parameters can be loaded from the framework configuration. Each framework has its own config system, read the framework specified documentation later.
The client_kwargs
is a dict configuration to pass extra parameters to
OAuth 2 Session, you can pass extra parameters like:
client_kwargs = {
'scope': 'profile',
'token_endpoint_auth_method': 'client_secret_basic',
'token_placement': 'header',
}
There are several token_endpoint_auth_method
, get a deep inside the
Client Authentication Methods.
Note
Authlib is using request_token_url
to detect if the client is an
OAuth 1.0 or OAuth 2.0 client. In OAuth 2.0, there is no request_token_url
.
After configuring the OAuth
registry and the remote application, the
rest steps are much simpler. The only required parts are routes:
redirect to 3rd party provider (GitHub) for authentication
redirect back to your website to fetch access token and profile
Here is the example for GitHub login:
def login(request):
github = oauth.create_client('github')
redirect_uri = 'https://example.com/authorize'
return github.authorize_redirect(request, redirect_uri)
def authorize(request):
token = oauth.github.authorize_access_token(request)
resp = oauth.github.get('user', token=token)
resp.raise_for_status()
profile = resp.json()
# do something with the token and profile
return '...'
After user confirmed on GitHub authorization page, it will redirect
back to your website authorize
. In this route, you can get your
user’s GitHub profile information, you can store the user information
in your database, mark your user as logged in and etc.
Note
You may find that our documentation for OAuth 1.0 and OAuth 2.0 are the same. They are designed to share the same API, so that you use the same code for both OAuth 1.0 and OAuth 2.0.
The ONLY difference is the configuration. OAuth 1.0 contains
request_token_url
and request_token_params
while OAuth 2.0
not. Also, the client_kwargs
are different.
When fetching access token, the authorization server will require a client authentication, Authlib provides three default methods defined by RFC7591:
client_secret_basic
client_secret_post
none
But if the remote provider does not support these three methods, we need to register our own authentication methods, like Client Authentication:
from authlib.oauth2.rfc7523 import ClientSecretJWT
oauth.register(
'name',
...
client_auth_methods=[
ClientSecretJWT(token_endpoint), # client_secret_jwt
]
)
New in version v0.15: Starting from v0.15, developers can add custom authentication methods directly to token endpoint:
oauth.register(
'name',
...
token_endpoint_auth_method=ClientSecretJWT(token_endpoint),
)
Note
If your application ONLY needs login via 3rd party services like Twitter, Google, Facebook and GitHub to login, you DON’T need to create the token database.
There are also chances that you need to access your user’s 3rd party OAuth provider resources. For instance, you want to display the logged in user’s twitter time line and GitHub repositories. You will use access token to fetch the resources:
def get_twitter_tweets(request):
token = OAuth1Token.find(
name='twitter',
user=request.user
)
# API URL: https://api.twitter.com/1.1/statuses/user_timeline.json
resp = oauth.twitter.get('statuses/user_timeline.json', token=token.to_token())
resp.raise_for_status()
return resp.json()
def get_github_repositories(request):
token = OAuth2Token.find(
name='github',
user=request.user
)
# API URL: https://api.github.com/user/repos
resp = oauth.github.get('user/repos', token=token.to_token())
resp.raise_for_status()
return resp.json()
In this case, we need a place to store the access token in order to use
it later. Usually we will save the token into database. In the previous
Routes for Authorization authorize
part, we can save the token into
database.
It is possible to share one database table for both OAuth 1.0 token and OAuth 2.0 token. It is also good to use different database tables for OAuth 1.0 and OAuth 2.0.
In the above example, we are using two tables. Here are some hints on how to design the database:
class OAuth1Token(Model):
name = String(length=40)
oauth_token = String(length=200)
oauth_token_secret = String(length=200)
user = ForeignKey(User)
def to_token(self):
return dict(
oauth_token=self.access_token,
oauth_token_secret=self.alt_token,
)
class OAuth2Token(Model):
name = String(length=40)
token_type = String(length=40)
access_token = String(length=200)
refresh_token = String(length=200)
expires_at = PositiveIntegerField()
user = ForeignKey(User)
def to_token(self):
return dict(
access_token=self.access_token,
token_type=self.token_type,
refresh_token=self.refresh_token,
expires_at=self.expires_at,
)
And then we can save user’s access token into database when user was redirected
back to our authorize
page.
You can always pass a token
parameter to the remote application request
methods, like:
token = OAuth1Token.find(name='twitter', user=request.user)
oauth.twitter.get(url, token=token)
oauth.twitter.post(url, token=token)
oauth.twitter.put(url, token=token)
oauth.twitter.delete(url, token=token)
token = OAuth2Token.find(name='github', user=request.user)
oauth.github.get(url, token=token)
oauth.github.post(url, token=token)
oauth.github.put(url, token=token)
oauth.github.delete(url, token=token)
However, it is not a good practice to query the token database in every request
function. Authlib provides a way to fetch current user’s token automatically for
you, just register
with fetch_token
function:
def fetch_twitter_token(request):
token = OAuth1Token.find(
name='twitter',
user=request.user
)
return token.to_token()
def fetch_github_token(request):
token = OAuth2Token.find(
name='github',
user=request.user
)
return token.to_token()
# we can registry this ``fetch_token`` with oauth.register
oauth.register(
'twitter',
# ...
fetch_token=fetch_twitter_token,
)
oauth.register(
'github',
# ...
fetch_token=fetch_github_token,
)
Not good enough. In this way, you have to write fetch_token
for every
remote application. There is also a shared way to fetch token:
def fetch_token(name, request):
if name in OAUTH1_SERVICES:
model = OAuth1Token
else:
model = OAuth2Token
token = model.find(
name=name,
user=request.user
)
return token.to_token()
# initialize OAuth registry with this fetch_token function
oauth = OAuth(fetch_token=fetch_token)
Now, developers don’t have to pass a token
in the HTTP requests,
instead, they can pass the request
:
def get_twitter_tweets(request):
resp = oauth.twitter.get('statuses/user_timeline.json', request=request)
resp.raise_for_status()
return resp.json()
Note
Flask is different, you don’t need to pass the request
either.
OAuth 1.0 is a protocol, while OAuth 2.0 is a framework. There are so many features in OAuth 2.0 than OAuth 1.0. This section is designed for OAuth 2.0 specially.
In OAuth 1.0, access token never expires. But in OAuth 2.0, token MAY expire. If
there is a refresh_token
value, Authlib will auto update the access token if
it is expired.
We do this by passing a update_token
function to OAuth
registry:
def update_token(name, token, refresh_token=None, access_token=None):
if refresh_token:
item = OAuth2Token.find(name=name, refresh_token=refresh_token)
elif access_token:
item = OAuth2Token.find(name=name, access_token=access_token)
else:
return
# update old token
item.access_token = token['access_token']
item.refresh_token = token.get('refresh_token')
item.expires_at = token['expires_at']
item.save()
oauth = OAuth(update_token=update_token)
In this way, OAuth 2.0 integration will update expired token automatically. There is also a signal way to update token. Checkout the frameworks documentation.
Adding code_challenge
provided by RFC7636: Proof Key for Code Exchange by OAuth Public Clients is simple. You
register your remote app with a code_challenge_method
in client_kwargs
:
oauth.register(
'example',
client_id='Example Client ID',
client_secret='Example Client Secret',
access_token_url='https://example.com/oauth/access_token',
authorize_url='https://example.com/oauth/authorize',
api_base_url='https://api.example.com/',
client_kwargs={'code_challenge_method': 'S256'},
)
Note, the only supported code_challenge_method
is S256
.
For non standard OAuth 2.0 service, you can pass a compliance_fix
when
.register
. For example, Slack has a compliance problem, we can construct
a method to fix the requests session:
def slack_compliance_fix(session):
def _fix(resp):
resp.raise_for_status()
token = resp.json()
# slack returns no token_type
token['token_type'] = 'Bearer'
resp._content = to_unicode(json.dumps(token)).encode('utf-8')
return resp
session.register_compliance_hook('access_token_response', _fix)
Then pass this slack_compliance_fix
into .register
parameters:
oauth.register(
'slack',
client_id='...',
client_secret='...',
...,
compliance_fix=slack_compliance_fix,
...
)
Find all the available compliance hooks at Compliance Fix for non Standard.
When logging in with OpenID Connect, “access_token” is not what developers
want. Instead, what developers want is user info, Authlib wrap it with
UserInfo
.
There are two ways to fetch userinfo from 3rd party providers. If the
provider supports OpenID Connect, we can get the user info from the returned
id_token
.
Passing a userinfo_endpoint
when .register
remote client:
oauth.register(
'google',
client_id='...',
client_secret='...',
userinfo_endpoint='https://openidconnect.googleapis.com/v1/userinfo',
)
And later, when the client has obtained the access token, we can call:
def authorize(request):
token = oauth.google.authorize_access_token(request)
user = oauth.google.userinfo(token=token)
return '...'
id_token
¶For OpenID Connect provider, when .authorize_access_token
, the provider
will include a id_token
in the response. This id_token
contains the
UserInfo
we need so that we don’t have to fetch userinfo endpoint again.
The id_token
is a JWT, with Authlib JSON Web Token (JWT), we can decode it
easily. Frameworks integrations will handle it automatically if configurations
are correct.
A simple solution is to provide the OpenID Connect Discovery Endpoint:
oauth.register(
'google',
client_id='...',
client_secret='...',
server_metadata_url='https://accounts.google.com/.well-known/openid-configuration',
client_kwargs={'scope': 'openid email profile'},
)
The discovery endpoint provides all the information we need so that we don’t
have to add authorize_url
and access_token_url
.
Check out our client example: https://github.com/authlib/demo-oauth-client
But if there is no discovery endpoint, developers MUST add all the missing information themselves:
* authorize_url
* access_token_url
* jwks_uri
This jwks_uri
is the URL to get provider’s public JWKs. Developers MAY also
provide the value of jwks
instead of jwks_uri
:
oauth.register(
'google',
client_id='...',
client_secret='...',
access_token_url='https://example.com/oauth/access_token',
authorize_url='https://example.com/oauth/authorize',
jwks={"keys": [...]}
)